give the six characteristics of x rays

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Current research of x-ray technology focuses on ways to reduceradiationdose, improve image resolution, and enhance contrast materials and methods. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. For example, EK-alpha=(3/4)Ry(Z-1)2=(10.2 eV)(Z 1)2, where Z is the atomic number and Ry is the Rydberg energy. Rad Take-Home Point: Waves with shorter wavelengths oscillate more in a given time and have a higher frequancy (f ~1/)and a higher energy (E~f and E~1/). A robot uses feedback to control the orientation of each joint axis. The radiation dose used for treating cancer is much higher than the radiation dose used for diagnostic imaging. They cause ionization of gas through which they pass. Below is an image of an x-ray aurora by the Polar Ionospheric X-ray Imaging Experiment (PIXIE) instrument aboard the Polar satellite. This website does not use any proprietary data. 5. Radiation with low voltage is called . (1) X-rays travel in straight line. We know that cathode rays are nothing but electrons having very high velocity. Either way, considerable heat needs to be dissipated. If V is the potential difference between the anode and the cathode. For example, our bones contain calcium, which has a higher atomic number than most other tissues. Can you see the filling? 10 Aug. 2016] http://science.nasa.gov/ems/11_xrays, This mosaic of several Chandra X-ray Observatory images of the central region of our Milky Way galaxy reveals hundreds of white dwarf stars, neutron stars, and black holes. The high speed electron impacts on the target and at the atomic level approaches the nucleus. After the electron has been ejected, the atom is left with a vacant energy level, also known as a core hole. X-rays are used to analyze alloys through the diffraction pattern. X-rays travel at the speed of light in a vacuum. Retrieved [insert date - e.g. The wavelength of the electromagnetic spectrum of X-rays are short; X-Rays require high voltage to produce X-Rays are used to detect the defects of the human skeleton; X-rays waves always travel in a straight line and they do not carry any electric . The x-ray images that result from this process are called radiographs. Define X-rays. This choice also places K-alpha firmly in the X-ray energy range. Although a large number of possible interactions are known, there are three key interaction mechanisms with matter. If you want to get in touch with us, please do not hesitate to contact us via e-mail: [emailprotected]. The images show the parts of your body in different shades of black and white. Radiation with low voltage is called . The high energy electrons (carrying energy in the range of electronVolts) interact with the atoms in the metal target. The radiation frequency is key parameter of all photons, because it determines the energy of a photon. X-rays are commonly produced by accelerating (or decelerating) charged particles; examples include a beam of electrons striking a metal plate in an X-ray tube and a circulating beam of . There is no actual collision between electron and nucleus because the electron interacts with the Coulombic nuclear forces and its vector quantities of direction and velocity are changed. X-rays are generated when free electrons give up some of their energy when they interact with the orbital electrons or nucleus of an atom. This process means x-rays are knocking out electrons from the matter, ionizing (removing electrons) and releasing energetic electrons near the bodies DNA (which can cause damage). Now, we come back to diagnostic x-ray and discuss how the x-ray spectrum is different after passing through the body. X-rays have many applications and in this page, we will cover the top 5 uses of X rays with other uses of X Rays in Physics and X-ray characteristics. These X-rays are . a. The cathode also has a focussing cup to better direct the emitted electrons across the vacuum to hit the target. August 10, 2016], from NASA Science website: http://science.nasa.gov/ems/11_xrays, Science Mission Directorate. Where this energy can be written in the form of Joules. a. BI3BI_3BI3, b. K2SK_2SK2S, c. HCFOHCFOHCFO, d. PBr3PBr_3PBr3. Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers (31016 Hz to 31019 Hz), corresponding to energies in the range of 100 eV to 100 keV. But to make things simpler in the figures we will draw just a single wave as that is easier to visualize. This is called the Auger effect, which is used in Auger electron spectroscopy to analyze the elemental composition of surfaces. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. (a) Target (1) High melting pointin order to withstand higher temperatureshence a higher capacity in production of xrays. X-Ray is the unofficial head of the group of boys in tent D at Camp Green Lake. The X-rays have a continuous frequency range up to a maximum frequency max or a minimum wavelength min. J. R. Lamarsh, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory, 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA (1983). X-rays can travel thousands of feet in air and can easily pass through the human body. X-ray, electromagnetic radiation of extremely short wavelength and high frequency, with wavelengths ranging from about 108 to 1012 metre and corresponding frequencies from about 1016 to 1020 hertz (Hz). However the velocity or speed is the same. Tungsten is required as it has a high atomic number to improve the efficiency of bremsstrahlung x-ray production (see below), and a high melting point. Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/SAO; Optical: NASA/STScI; Infrared: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Steward/O.Krause et al. Imaging to guide lung biopsies: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States, and analyzing lesions found in the lungs is a way to screen for the disease and to guide treatment. If the x-ray tube is set to have 140 kvP, highest energy x-ray photons can came out with an energy of 140 keV. ISBN-13: 978-3527411764. A) Physical Properties: X-Rays are electromagnetic radiations having a wavelength between 10A to 0.01A. X-rays, also known as X-radiation, refer to electromagnetic radiation (no rest mass, no charge) of high energies. By comparing infrared and x-ray images, astronomers are learning more about how relatively cool dust grains can coexist within the super-hot, x-ray producing gas. For X-rays generated by X-ray tube, there are two different types of X-rays spectra: Knoll, Glenn F., Radiation Detection and Measurement 4th Edition, Wiley, 8/2010. If you want to get in touch with us, please do not hesitate to contact us via e-mail: [emailprotected], X-rays are usually described by their maximum energy, which is determined by the voltage between the electrodes, and it may range from about 20 kV up to 300 kV. In general, if imaging of the abdomen and pelvis is needed, doctors prefer to use exams that do not use radiation, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) orultrasound. Clarendon Press; 1 edition, 1991, ISBN: 978-0198520467, G.R.Keepin. Unlike light, however, x-rays have higher energy and can pass through most objects, including the body. Electrons ejected come from the K, L or M orbits. When travelling through the body of the patient, Photoelectric and Compton interactions of x-rays with matter takes place (see our post onx-ray interactions). When used appropriately, the diagnostic benefits of x-ray scans significantly outweigh the risks. Since neutrons do not carry a charge, a nucleus is characterized by a concentrated positive charge. Because of this property, bones readily absorb x-rays and therefore produce high contrast on the x-ray detector. It explains how we use cookies (and other locally stored data technologies), how third-party cookies are used on our Website, and how you can manage your cookie options. The supernova remnant Cassiopeia A (Cas A) was imaged by three of NASA's great observatories, and data from all three observatories were used to create the image shown below. The number of x-ray photons that pass through a given point depends on distance between source and detector. Summary. X-rays or Rntgen rays are the revolutionary discovery of the nineteenth century. (2010). 6.1 Atom Model The nuclei of the atoms of specimen material examined in the SEM are composed of protons and neutrons. 14. X-rays are a type of radiation called electromagnetic waves (with wavelengths ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers). These high-energy particles can be swept up by Earth's magnetosphere, creating geomagnetic storms that sometimes result in an aurora. X-rays are electrically neutral. These high-velocity electrons when suddenly strike a solid metal. (13) These rays can destiny living cells. X-rays cannot be optically focused. X-rays, also known as X-radiation, refer to electromagnetic radiation (no rest mass, no charge) of high energies. We call each of these individual packets x-ray photons. X-rays have much higher energy and much shorter wavelengths than ultraviolet light, and scientists usually refer to x-rays in terms of their energy rather than their wavelength. Sometimes X-ray may interact with another orbital electron, which may be ejected from the atom. Glasstone, Sesonske. The transition energies can be approximately calculated by the use of Moseley's law. Focusing cup is made of nickel and mostly surrounds the filament to focus the stream of electrons before they strike the anode. Like Gamma, x-rays cannot be seen but unlike Gamma radiation, x-rays cannot pass through dense objects like bone or metal but can easily pass through less de. (5) X-rays travel with uniform speed of 3 x 108 ms-1. X-ray is an electromagnetic radiation with very short wavelength, and very high energy. ISBN: 978-2759800414. Manage Settings Addison-Wesley Pub. The x-ray data reveal hot gases at about ten million degrees Celsius that were created when ejected material from the supernova smashed into surrounding gas and dust at speeds of about ten million miles per hour. https://www.wikiradiography.net/index.php?title=Characteristics_and_Production_of_X-rays&oldid=28213. These are the 15 properties of cathode rays. It occurs in a . Find the inverse Laplace transform of the function. X-rays were first observed and documented in 1895 by German scientist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen. If two x-ray spectra have different shapes they are said to have different x-ray quality. Filament is a coiled tungsten wire that serves as the source of electrons during x-ray production. R(s)=7s29R(s)=\frac{7}{s^{2}-9}R(s)=s297, A form of electromagnetic energy (photon) having electrical wave-like properties and magnetic fields set up in space by vibrating electrodes, Cypress College As the wavelength increases the frequency decreases. Properties of X-Rays. Separately, the Solar and Heliophysics Observatory (SOHO) captured these images of the Sun representing an entire solar cycle from 1996 through 2006. Credit: NASA/UMass/D.Wang et al. ISBN-13: 978-0470131480. Characteristics of X-Ray. When ordinary light is incident on the retina, it creates the sensation of vision; but for X-rays this does not happen. Physics of Nuclear Kinetics. The copper catches the electrons and the tungsten attenuates the photons produced in the copper. Key characteristics of X-rays are summarized in following few points: X-rays are high-energy photons. And as wavelength decreases, frequency increases. ISBN: 978-2759800414. These rays are also used to produce x -rays. RADT-146 Introduction to Radiography The researchers plan to evaluate the use ofSFXT in the detection of cardiovascular disease by looking at calcium deposits in the coronary arteries and to guide radiation treatment to precise locations in the lungs, which would enable safer ablation of lung tumors. 1) You may use almost everything for non-commercial and educational use. They have neither a positive nor a negative charge. (b) Determine the sensitivity of the closed loop to k2k_2k2. W. M. Stacey, Nuclear Reactor Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, ISBN: 0- 471-39127-1. They have wavelengths in the range of 10 -8 m to 10 -11 m (10nm - 0.01nm). Characteristic X-rays were discovered by Charles Glover Barkla in 1909,[1] who later won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery in 1917. The photons are directed onto the detector where they are absorbed, and the energy, time, and direction of individual photons are recorded. An X-ray, or, much less commonly, X-radiation, is a penetrating form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation.Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 10 picometers to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (3 10 16 Hz to 3 10 19 Hz) and energies in the range 145 eV to 124 keV.X-ray wavelengths are shorter than those of UV rays and . Since kinetic energy derives from velocity (KE=1/2mv^2). [insert date - e.g. The components of the X-ray tube include a glass envelope containing a high vacuum. Shared goals. X-ray tomosynthesis, on the other hand, uses multiple images, which are then reconstructed to generate more information, such as a three-dimensional image. Characteristics of X-rays - Properties X-rays, also known as X-radiation, refers to electromagnetic radiation (no rest mass, no charge) of high energies. Co; 1st edition, 1965. Rad Take-home Point:In addition to generating diagnostic x-ray images, x-rays can cause damage to human tissue and the radiation dose should be made as low as reasonable possible for each diagnostic task. X-rays are high-energy photons with short wavelengths and thus very high frequency. The energetic charged particles from the Sun that cause an aurora also energize electrons in the Earth's magnetosphere. The radiation frequency is the key parameter of all photons because it determines the energy of a photon. It is an electromagnetic radiation with the energy ranging from 124 eV to 124 keV. Stabin, Michael G., Radiation Protection and Dosimetry: An Introduction to Health Physics, Springer, 10/2010. There is a good deal of heat generated and hence the need for high melting points and the copper anode is able to conduct heat away effectively. The human body also generates heat or infrared radiation of approximately . We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Round off each of the following numbers to the indicated number of significant digits and write the answer in standard scientific notation. X-ray scans can diagnose possibly life-threatening conditions such as blocked blood vessels, bone cancer, and infections. Characteristic X-rays are very useful and convenient for local elemental analysis of crystal defects, precipitates, and nano-structured materials. Paul Reuss, Neutron Physics. In 1985, famous German scientist Prof. W.K. However, if neither of those can provide the answers needed, or there is an emergency or other time constraint, an x-ray may be an acceptable alternative imaging option. ).All atoms will produce characteristic radiation but not all are visible in the xray portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. X-rays are in the short wavelength category and are located near the end of the electromagnetic spectrum. just ignore the fact that they are really waves). Likewise, the distance from one peak to the next peak is also the wavelength. The biologist Carolus Linnaeus first grouped organisms into two kingdoms, plants and animals, in the 1700s. The different electron states which exist in an atom are usually described by atomic orbital notation, as is used in chemistry and general physics. Solar storms on the Sun eject clouds of energetic particles toward Earth. In our post on radiation biology we describe the mechanisms for radiation damage to the body. ISBN-13: 978-0470131480. c. 0.99155102~0.99155\times10^{2}0.99155102 to four significant digits. The information contained in this website is for general information purposes only. X-Ray is also called the Roentgen radiation. ISBN-13: 978-3527411764. Computed tomography (CT):Combines traditional x-ray technology with computer processing to generate a series of cross-sectional images of the body that can later be combined to form a three-dimensional x-ray image. Cut off wavelength or minimum wavelength, where v (in volts) is the potential difference applied to the tube min = 12400 / V A. They travel in straight lines with the velocity of light. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Robert Reed Burn, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Operation, 1988. The characteristics equation for an X-ray is: 2. January 1993. That means when X-rays are incident on metal surface electrons are emitted. There will also be a number of lower energy photons as in the figure. Since the hard X-rays are very penetrating, they must be shielded by very dense materials, such as lead or uranium. The x-rays produced by transitions from the n=2 to n=1 levels are called K-alpha x-rays, and those for the n=31 transition are . The system will be deflected by the load carried in the gripper. The images show the parts of your body in different shades of black and white. Mammography:A radiograph of the breast that is used for cancer detection and diagnosis. (14) The characteristics of genes are changed by their effect. They are Invisible to Eye. In Siegbahn notation, when an electron falls from the L shell to the K shell, the X-ray emitted is called a K-alpha X-ray. We have grown leaps and bounds to be the best Online Tuition Website in India with immensely talented Vedantu Master Teachers, from the most reputed institutions. A P.D. This page was last edited on 11 November 2020, at 16:39. They produce X rays. Lecture 2, Radio, TV, microwave, infra-red, visible white light, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma rays. In this case, the lighter species with K-alpha is neon (see NIST X-Ray Transition Energies Database). National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Science Mission Directorate. b- rays consist of fast moving electrons. X-rays can travel thousands of feet in the air and easily pass through the human body. EDP Sciences, 2008. For all elements, the ratio of the intensities of K-alpha1 and K-alpha2 is very close to 2:1.[6]. Vedantu LIVE Online Master Classes is an incredibly personalized tutoring platform for you, while you are staying at your home. However, a, They have very short wavelengths ranging from 0.1 A to 1 A. Rad Take-home Point:X-rays travel in straight lines and the closer you are to the source the greater the number of x-rays passing through (~ 1/r2). The energy will be mono-energetic and so appear as a spike rather than a continuous spectrum. The Cookies Statement is part of our Privacy Policy. The x-ray beam used in diagnostic radiography comprises many photons that have many different energies. X-ray tubes used in diagnostic X-ray exams all use the same physical principles including: thermionic emission (boiling off electrons), accelerating electrons by a kiloVoltage potential (kVp), and two physical interactions contribute to x-ray generation: bremstraalung (breaking radiation), and characteristic radiation (peaks in energy spectrum). X-rays are a type of radiation called electromagnetic waves. The name for this effect is a divergent x-ray beam coming from the x-ray tube. Since Earth's atmosphere blocks x-ray radiation, telescopes with x-ray detectors must be positioned above Earth's absorbing atmosphere. However, for higher Z's the error grows quickly. This is because different tissues absorb different amounts of radiation. X-rays and gamma rays have the same basic properties but come from different parts of the atom. Please give the details characteristics of X rays. The X-ray tube is an essential component of each X-ray union, and in its early stages scientists and doctors utilized gas ion tubing. School Bakersfield College J. R. Lamarsh, A. J. Baratta, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 3d ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 0-201-82498-1. When a beam of cathode rays is made to fall upon a hard metallic target like Tungsten, X-rays are produced. If x-rays traveling through the body also pass through an x-ray detector on the . The wave with the shorter wavelength, will have higher frequency. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. As the electron energy increases past the threshold level, the maximum level of characteristic radiation reaches 20% of total production, and then starts to fall to 10% in the 50-100 keV range and 3% in the 200 keV range. Doctors use X-ray to capture the human skeleton defects. Williams. Nuclear and Particle Physics. Cathode rays may behave like waves. The characteristics equation for an X-ray is: eV = hfm Where, e = electron charge; V = accelerating potential fm = maximum frequency of X radiation 2. (c) What is the steadystate error when R(s)=1/sR(s)=1 / sR(s)=1/s and Td(s)=0T_d(s)=0Td(s)=0 ? If the traffic lights are not operating, obey the Give Way to the Right rule or the Give Way at a T-intersection rule, whichever is applicable. (11) X-rays show photoelectric effect. As a result, the atom thus emits a primary high-energy electron, characteristic X-rays, or secondary Auger electron, none of which originate in that nucleus. Characteristic X-rays are produced when an element is bombarded with high-energy particles, which can be photons, electrons or ions (such as protons). X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation. X-rays have waveform characteristics of velocity, wavelength, frequency and amplitude. X-rays are generating because fast-moving electrons suddenly . Consists of a target and in rotating anode tubes, a stator and rotor. A form of electromagnetic energy (photon) having electrical wave-like properties and magnetic fields set up in space by vibrating electrodes. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 1 and 2. The amount of energy means a short wavelength within the xray band.As the electron is not destroyed, it can undergo multiple interactions, and even initial interactions will vary from minor to major energy changes depending on the actual angle and proximity of attack, and the point of 'impact' on the nucleus. Tumors tend to appear as regular or irregular-shaped masses that are somewhat brighter than the background on the radiograph (i.e., whiter on a black background or blacker on a white background). Outer-shell electrons then fall into the inner shell, emitting quantized photons with an energy level equivalent to the energy difference between the higher and lower states. Intensity of X - rays rely on the number of electrons hitting the target. Radiation is energy emitted/transmitted as a wave or particle that travels through a medium (such as the air or a patient). Bremsstrahlung is a German word meaning braking radiation which describes the process of xray generation. If you are familiar with light being much more intense by a light bulb or heat being much hotter right near a fire this is because of the inverse square law. They have very short wavelengths ranging from 0.1 A to 1 A. Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers (31016 Hz to 31019 Hz), corresponding to energies in the range 100 eV to 100 keV. Cut off wavelength or minimum wavelength, where v (in volts) is the potential difference applied to the tube . V is Applied to an X-Ray Tube. X-ray wavelengths are shorter than those of UV rays and typically longer than those of gamma rays. If we think about the fact that x-rays travel straight lines like particles, they will spread out more with greater distances. Consists of a filament and a focusing cup. The wavelength of X-rays is shorter than the, X-Ray is also called the Roentgen radiation. Since the X-rays (especially hard X-rays) are in substance high-energy photons, they are very penetrating matter and are thus biologically hazardous. By posing that initially in the K shell there is a single vacancy (and, hence, a single electron is already there), as well as that the L shell is not entirely empty in the final state of the transition, this definition limits the minimal number of electrons in the atom to three, i.e., to lithium (or a lithium-like ion). X-rays have much higher energy and much shorter wavelengths than ultraviolet light, and scientists usually refer to x-rays in terms of their energy rather than their wavelength. What are the Van Allen Belts and why do they matter? X-rays travel at the speed of light in a vacuum. U.S. Department of Energy, Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory. When the incident particle strikes a bound electron (the target electron) in an atom, the target electron is ejected from the inner shell of the atom. In our post onx-ray interactionswe discussed that in the diagnostic energies the low energy x-rays are more likely to be stopped within the body. Calcium in bones absorbs x-rays the most, so bones look white. K-beta emissions, similar to K-alpha emissions, result when an electron transitions to the innermost "K" shell (principal quantum number 1) from a 3p orbital of the third or "M" shell (with principal quantum number 3). Glasstone, Sesonske. 2) You may not distribute or commercially exploit the content, especially on another website. Because bones are dense and absorb more x-rays than skin does, shadows of the bones are left on the x-ray film while the skin appears transparent. Introduction. At the bottom of this figure there is a schematic which shows the whole electromagnetic spectrum. 1. Farthest Right Goes First. This results in the production of scatter radiation. Visible light rays are at the visible region of electromagnetic spectrum we only see this ligh. This visible light is just a small portion of all the electromagnetic radiation. X-Ray maintains his position as the leader of the boys even though he is one of the smallest boys and can barely see without his glasses. Learn more about radiation treatment for cancer therapy here. X-rays ionize matter via indirect ionization. The hotter the object, the shorter the wavelength of peak emission. According to the currently valid definition, X-rays are emitted by electrons outside the nucleus, while. [5] The K-alpha1 emission is slightly higher in energy (and, thus, has a lower wavelength) than the K-alpha2 emission. Paul Reuss, Neutron Physics. Therefore, it can be used to identify chemical elements of the soil sample qualitatively and quantitatively (Giro et al., 2017 ). ISBN-13: 978-1441923912. All forms of the electromagnetic spectrum have different wavelengths and frequencies. Below figure shows the wavelength of different electromagnetic spectrum including the X-ray wavelength: X-rays possess very short wavelengths that vary between 0.03 and 3 nanometers or between 0.02 and 100 ; however, some x-rays are small like a single atom of an element. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the production and emission characteristics of X-rays. R = Rydbergs constant, whose value is 1.0973731568508 10 7 per metre. Tungsten is used as the material of choice for the rotating targets because of its high atomic number of 74 and a high melting point of 3370 degrees F. Anodes rotates from 3,300 rpm to 10,000 rpm. View and Download Science Topic Fact Sheets (PDFs), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB). Determine the Ratio of the De-Broglie Wavelength of the Incident Electrons and the Wavelength of X-rays Produced. X-rays form a polyenergetic or heterogenous beam. Learn more about CT here. X-rays are a form of energy that can penetrate matter. Since the lower energy photons stop in the body at a higher rate the spectrum coming out of the patent is shifted to the right or harder. Thus bone absorbs more x rays than muscle or fat, and tumors may absorb more x rays than surrounding tissue. Roentgen discovered that when X-rays are passed through arms and hands or any other body part, they create crystal clear and detailed images of the inner bones. The, R = Rydbergs constant, whose value is 1.0973731568508 10, 5. The high vacuum is needed to reduce the electron/atom collisions which waste accelerating energy. Important characteristics of Cathode rays: They consist of negatively charged material particles; electrons. (6) Its penetrating power is extremely high. X-ray . Sometimes, however, instead of releasing the energy in the form of an X-ray, the energy can be transferred to another electron, which is then ejected from the atom. It may range from about 20 kV up to 300 kV. By capturing 30 images every second, this technique would have 10 to 100 times the temporal resolution of conventional tomosynthesis, resulting in sharper images of tissues in motion (similar to using a faster shutter speed on a camera). For a biopsy, one method to obtain lung tissue is through a bronchoscopy, where a thin tube is passed through the nose or mouth and guided into the lungs. Give the six characteristics of x-rays. However, their unspoken, even unconscious . Diagnostic X Rays. On the right of the figure are the highest wavelengths (lowest energies). X-rays are high-energy photons with short wavelengths and thus very high frequency. (7) It has effect on the photographic plate. Doctors use X-rays to check flaws in welding joints and insulating materials. Explain Volume Expansion and Coefficient of Volume Expansion, New Record for Coldest Temperature Is Getting Very Close To Absolute Zero, Define Charge with Example in terms of Electricity, Magnetic Phase Transition with Transforming a Layered Ferromagnet for Future Electronics.

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