Compressibility of any substance is the measure of its change in volume under the action of external forces. The kinetic-molecular theory explains why gases are more compressible than either liquids or solids. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". We often hear phrases like What is the matter? or It doesnt matter. chemistry When you buy through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Hot gas molecules move around more and have more energy, which makes it easier to compress them. As a result its intermolecular force of attraction is less and it has more distance between the molecules. by pouring), will it conform to (take on the shape of) the new container? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. This heat energy then gets transferred to the air, causing its temperature to increase slightly. Who makes the plaid blue coat Jesse stone wears in Sea Change? Unlike a liquid or solid, gas molecules are not tightly packed together so they cannot be squeezed or compressed to a smaller area or volume. This increased kinetic energy causes the gas to become hotter. Additionally, gases are much more compressible than solids, meaning that gases can be forced closer together in order to reach a higher pressure than is possible with a solid. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. The simplest way to determine if something is a liquid is to ask this question: If I try and move it from one container to another (i.e. As the pressure of the gas increases, the temperature of the gas increases as well. Wearing red is a great way to add a splash of color to an outfit. Gas can be compressed much more easily than a liquid or solid. Experience the unforgettable at Radio City Music Hall, where history happens. Gases are more compressible than liquids because of the fewer intermolecular interactions in gases compared to liquids. They are the smallest unit that anything can be broken down into without doing something extreme (like hitting a LEGO block with a hammer or smashing atoms in the Large Hadron Collider.) Read the article Alternative conceptions about waters states of matter and then use these activities below with your students to expand their understanding. This is because the atoms are forced closer together and thus cannot slip by each other as easily as they can when the fluid is at atmospheric pressure. This makes the liquids less resistive to any external force applied in comparison to the solids. The resulting force will cause the particles to draw closer together, decreasing the volume of the gas and thus compressing it. Water vapour is the gaseous form or state of water. Web liquids generally have lower density as compared to solids but in the case of ice, it is not true. When a gas is compressed, as when the scuba tank is being filled, the gas particles are forced closer . Do gases get hot when compressed quickly? This is how gas can be compressed easily. When a gas is compressed, its molecules are forced to move closer together, increasing their kinetic energy and resulting in a rise in temperature. Web the intermolecular forces are thus high giving them making them rigid and dense. Hint: The sponge is compressible being a solid because of the presence of air cavities inside the sponge. If you spill the water, it will go everywhere. It indicates that air is about 20 000 times more Additionally, this process is used to store energy in compressed air tanks, inflate car tires, and power air conditioners and other appliances. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. Web force of attraction between the particles of water is vey lower than those of solid.this force of attraction in solid causes the tightly bind of the particles and make. = m / V. The SI unit of density is kg/m3. Copyright 2023 Quick-Advices | All rights reserved. Why do gases have no definite shape because the particles of gases are? For example, when a compressor takes in air at atmospheric pressure, the air is compressed to the pressure the compressor is designed to operate at. Because they won't resist as much because in one volume of,gas there are less molecules per unit volume than in the. 4. Why it is easier to press a syringe with air than water state the reason? Gas In a gas particles are in continual straight-line motion. Would information in addition to average density be needed to identify the substances in an object composed of more than one material? Can the Constitution be changed by the president? Density can be. They vibrate and move freely at high speeds. Adiabatic cooling occurs when a gas is compressed and its internal energy decreases, thus making the gas cooler. Therefore, one can conclude that gases can indeed get hot when compressed quickly. This results in an increase in the overall pressure of the gas. Learn More. This makes it more difficult to compress cold gas than hot gas. Web john said, Why Are So Few Tigers Man Eaters Ielts Reading Answers . There is no space between the individual particles, so they cannot pack together. See the step by step solution. The kinetic-molecular theory explains why gases are more compressible than either liquids or solids. Since potential energy is the energy stored within a system, this extra potential energy also increases the temperature of the system. This decreases the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules and also causes the temperature of the gas to go up. But this doesnt mean you Why is a gas easier to compress than a liquid or a solid? There is an increase in the number of collisions between particles and the walls of the container When this is done, the molecules get If we put pressure on a solid or a liquid, there is essentially no change in volume. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". When you are dating or crushing on a Taurus guy, you need to know how to No worries! Liquids have comparatively fewer intermolecular interactions than gaseous molecules. When you take atmospheric air and then physically force it into a smaller volume, the molecules take up less space, and the air is compressed. The molecules which make up gas are spaced further apart and have far less strength than the molecules of liquids and solids. In most liquids, the particles are less densely packed, giving them the ability to move around and slide past each other. What is the Jane Austen Society of North America. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Why is it easier to compress air than water? And thus for a given gas is proportional to pressure, and inversely proportional to absolute temperature. We cannot see the water vapour as we exhale, but if we hold our eyeglasses or smartphone to our mouths, we can see the water vapour condensing (becoming liquid) on these objects. For example, air at room temperature can easily be compressed by a factor of 10:1. Use the interactive Moisture sources in our homes to find out how moisture enters our homes and how we can minimise and remove it. Technology helps us find this evidence. 94% of StudySmarter users get better grades. Molecules are very tightly packed in a solid and loosely packed in liquids. This in turn lowers the temperature of the air. The sponge has numerous pores in it which can be referred to as air cavities in which air is trapped and on compressing the sponge it comes pressure of a gas increase when compressed? Why sponge though compressible is a solid? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Compression can be achieved by increasing pressure or decreasing volume. (Think about a diving tank - 600 L of gas is compressed into a . Answer: First off while it is correct to say that solids can be compressed the amount is very negligible. . Thus, gases can be easily compressed while comparing with solids and liquids. Compressibility is the measure of how much a given volume of matter decreases when placed under pressure. This means that they can be compressed into a much smaller volume, thus leading to an overall decrease in the size and mass of the overall sample. Explain why air is easily compressed, but wood is not easily compressed. Gases also have strong intermolecular forces between molecules, which makes them more compressible than liquids. This leaves more spaces between the 3 Why is a gas easier to compress than a liquid or a solid Brainly? Gases are compressible because most of the volume of a gas is composed of the large amounts of empty space between the gas particles. When a gas is compressed, as when the scuba tank is being filled, the gas particles are forced closer . What happens to temperature when gases are compressed? Compression can be achieved by increasing pressure or decreasing volume. In addition, the increase in pressure causes the molecules to move faster and collide with each other more often. Compressibility is a measure of how much the volume of matter decreases under pressure. Another state of matter is Bose-Einstein condensate, but this state only occurs with super-low temperatures. can only move around in their fixed positions, therefore gas K is often expressed in terms of specific volume . The image shows a glass of ice water filled to the brim. Yes, gases can get hot when compressed quickly. This distances. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Why Do Liquids Have Lower Density Than Solids. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. sublimation in physics conversion of a substance from the solid to the gaseous state without its becoming liquid. Web liquids generally have lower density as compared to solids but in the case of ice, it is not true. Why is compressing a gas easier than compressing a liquid or solid? molecules and breaks the bond that exists in the solid form. Gas has the most space between molecules and is therefore Which has a bigger volume solid, liquid or gas? If the liquid is denser, the solid will float. is actually less dense than liquid water. What are gas prices at Buc EEs in Richmond KY? Attend to the minus six meters or less. This causes the high compressibility of gases. Why is a gas easier to compress than a liquid or a solid quizlet? A client has answered some questions in a query, so youre able to edit the _________ ones. Aimed at key s, Why Cant You Love Me Wade Bowen Lyrics . The force of attraction between the molecules are low in gases while compared to those in liquids and solids. This will cause the gas molecules to be packed together more tightly, reducing the amount of space they occupy. Which forces oppose the vaporization of each substance? The house is . This increase in pressure has two effects: it makes the gas molecules more densely packed, and it increases the temperature of the gas. Web the intermolecular forces are thus high giving them making them rigid and dense. The particles of solid are closely packed and occupy less space while particles of gases are loosely packed and occupy the complete space available. When we pack to go on vacation, there seems to always be "one more" thing that we need to get in our suitcase. A: Adding salt in the water makes it denser. in a gas is small compared to the overall volume of the gas. What properties of liquids are measurable? What are the disadvantages of a clapper bridge? Shadow of the Tomb Raider best pistol Reddit. 113C? What can I do with leftover melted Candy Melts? When you compress a gas, you are subjecting it to a higher pressure than it naturally exists at. The molecules in a gas are always spaced out in a random pattern (c) Which premises are unreasonable or inconsistent? A: Surface tension (T) is the property of a liquid to keep its volume (V) minimum. Why is a gas easier to compress than a liquid or a solid Brainly? Which is the most effective way to prevent viral foodborne illnesses? Explanation: We can use the Ideal Gas Equation to approximate gaseous density: P V = nRT, so P RT = n V. But n = mass molar mass. In gases, the atoms are much more spread out than in solids or liquids, and the atoms collide randomly with one another. So why settle for the Radio City Music Hall in New York City presents the best concerts, music events, and entertainment. The outward force on one end of an air tank was calculated in Example 11.2. And thus for a given gas #rho# is proportional to #"pressure"#, and inversely proportional to #"absolute temperature"#. Because they won't resist as much because in one volume of,gas there are less molecules per unit volume than in the. For all practical purposes we can say the solids are incompressible. What type of substance doesn't have a consistent volume: liquid, solid, or gas. Web The Lower The Density Of A Compound, The Easier It Will Be To Compress It. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Give an example in which density is used to identify the substance composing an object. compressible than water. However solids have This causes a solid to be a stable non-compressible shape with definite volume. Because of these less intermolecular interactions and negligible molecular volume, the compressibility of the gases is easy in comparison to liquids. kg/m 3. In order to continue enjoying our site, we ask that you confirm your identity as a human. Hot gas can also be compressed more quickly than cold gas because the molecules are already moving faster, meaning they require less energy to squeeze them together and make the gas denser. The particles in a gas do not have a fixed volume. But its a dominating color that instantly catches your eye, which can make it tough to know what colors go with red clothes.The W J Chung, MD,1 H W Chung, MD,1 M J Shin, MD,1 S H Lee, MD,1 M H Lee, MD,1 J S Lee, MD,2 M-J Kim, MD,3 and W K Lee, PhD4W J Chung1Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Every Apple Watch comes with a band, but it is just a basic plastic band. Perhaps there is a little space between folds of clothing, or we can rearrange the shoes;somehow we can get that last item in and close the suitcase. Which is greater 36 yards 2 feet and 114 feet 2 inch? By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Since gases have volume and take up space, compressing them reduces their volume, allowing more of the gas to occupy the same space. out. The molecules of a solid are the most tightly packed than those Why are t statistics more variable than z scores. A consequence of compressing a fluid is You are pumping up a bicycle tire with a hand pump, the piston ofwhich has a 2.00 cm radius. If so, solids and liquids have there atoms relatively close already so compressing them is very difficult. So compressed ability is the measure of how much a given volume of matter decreases when placed under pressure. It does not store any personal data. (a) Why are gases more easily compressed than liquids? Why are gases easier to compress than liquids and solids? For a reasonably high vacuum the #"mean free path"# of a gaseous particle before collision with another particle is on the order of #"millimetres"# to #"metres"#.Compression is thus facile. Web do gases have higher or lower density than solids? Average cost of living in California per year. Explanation: And thus for a gas, compression of a given volume simply constrains the gas to a smaller volume in which the volume STILL dwarfs the actual volume of the gaseous molecules were they condensed. Gases can be squashed because they have a low pressure. Ice is water in its solid form or state. Gases are easiest to compress solids most difficult | Compressibility | Chemistry. Even though the particles are locked into place and cannot move or slide past each other, they still vibrate a tiny bit. What part of Vermont is closest to New York? Please Note: The information on this page is for Australian products only. Web the intermolecular forces are thus high giving them making them rigid and dense. The volume of a gas's particles is small compared to the overall volume of the gas Why does the pressure inside a container of gas increase if more gas is added to the container? The atoms and molecules in gases are much more spread out than in solids or liquids. Simply put, when pressure increases, the molecules move faster, collide more and become more energetic, resulting in an increase in temperature. What happens when a liquid is compressed? Many summer barbeque grills are fueled by compressed propane. Gas can be compressed much more easily than a liquid or solid. Gases have three characteristic properties: (1) they are easy to compress, (2) they expand to fill their containers, and (3) they occupy far more space than the liquids or solids from which they form. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. The force of attraction between the molecules are low in gases while compared to those in liquids and solids. more excited and move. (a) What force in newtons must you exert to create a pressure of \({\rm{6}}{\rm{.90 \times 1}}{{\rm{0}}^{\rm{5}}}{\rm{ Pa}}\) (b) What is unreasonable about this(a) result? A gas will fill any container, but if the container is not sealed, the gas will escape. Thus, the flow of liquids which renders breakdown of the existing intermolecular interactions because of the force applied is easy. molecules are closely packed into an orderly arrangement and they move freely, however can still move around, due to the not very an orderly arrangement unlike liquids where the molecules are Solids, liquids and gases are known as states of matter. to compress the gas. A substance can be easily compressed if the intermolecular force is very less. We've found 40, Why Saturation Current Is Independent Of Anode Potential . The physical characteristics of atoms and molecules decide the form or state the matter is in. There is more space between air particles so they can be pushed closer together. Ice keeps its shape when frozen, even if it is removed from its container. the cephalic phase occurs, How does a Taurus man text when he likes you. Gas can be compressed much more easily than a liquid or solid. This is usually known as adiabatic heating. 4 Why is it easier to compress air than water? Why it is easier to press a syringe with air than water state the reason? The distance between gas particles is larger than the size of the atoms, so there is a lot of space between gas particles, therefore the forces between them are very weak where as the solid particles don't have gap and liquid particles have less gap compare to gas. To learn more about plasmas and Bose-Einstein condensates, read these two articles that look at these science ideas and concepts. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Why is gas easier to compress than liquid or solid? These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. 2. As a result its. Hence water can be treated as incompressible. According to the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the amount of gas (constant in this case), R is the gas constant, and T is temperature. That depends on the relative densities of the solid and the Why gases are easier to compress than solids or liquids are? Will the water overflow when the ice melts? Models, sequences, error codes or settings will vary depending on location and/or where the product had been purchased. The gas that is most difficult to compress is helium. Liquids have a greater ability to flow than solids because of the fewer intermolecular interactions in liquids than in solids. The inside volume of a house is equivalent to that of a rectangular solid 13.0 m wide by 20.0 m long by 2.75 m high. Though ice is a solid it has large amount of space between its molecules. the liquid, it precipitates out, to the bottom of the liquid. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. (a) Kr (b) BrF (c) H2SO4. For most problems the math will work out to a high degree of accuracy. Whether youre an old school gamer, much like myself, or a gamer from the newer generation, then its a pretty safe bet that youve heard of Lara Croft. And thus the volumes (and densities) of the condensed phases are essentially constant. Fill the syringe with water. (b) Why do liquids have a greater ability to flow than solids? Sign up for free to discover our expert answers. Additionally, the increase in pressure from compressing the air can affect its temperature. What are the disadvantages of shielding a thermometer? Conversely, when the pressure is reduced, the molecules spread out and the volume increases. intermolecular spaces and hence they move around. The 2022 Scripps National Spelling Bee began on Tuesday, with over 200 spellers gathering in Washington D.C to compete for glory. Why are gases easier to compress than liquids and solids? The 2008 financial crisis was the worst economic disaster since the Great Depression of 1929. compress. 3. This phenomenon is known as the JouleThomson effect and is caused by changes in the average speed and/or direction of the gas molecules. Why are gases easily compressed than liquids? Web thus, the density of the solids is the highest. Gases are compressible because most of the volume of a gas is composed of the large amounts of empty space between the gas particles. Compressing air cools it because of the process of adiabatic cooling. Why does temperature increase as pressure increases? relationships. the easiest to compress. Liquids have a greater ability to flow than solids because of the fewer intermolecular interactions in liquids than in solids. solid, to a liquid to a gas. Gas In gases, the atoms are much more spread out than in solids or liquids, and the atoms collide randomly with one another. If we slowly push in the plunger while keeping temperature constant, the gas in the syringe is compressed into a smaller volume and its pressure increases; if we pull out the plunger, the volume increases and the pressure decreases. Compressing air reduces its volume and thus causes it to cool. Why does the Gas can be compressed much more easily than a liquid or solid. It is easier to press the syringe with air because air is more compressible than water. Liquid has less intermolecular spaces while it is negligible in solid. Fortunately, we can usually squeeze things together somehow. This means that when the pressure of a gas is increased, the temperature will also increase. The atoms and molecules in gases are much more spread out than in solids or liquids. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. At room temperature can easily be compressed much more easily than a liquid or solid the process of adiabatic occurs... Links on our website to give you the most tightly packed in a gas is proportional to absolute.... Under pressure subjecting it to cool First off while it is negligible in solid of external.... Anode potential pressure than it naturally exists at learn more about plasmas and Bose-Einstein condensates, read two! To go up solid and the volume increases case of ice, it will go.... The SI unit of density is kg/m3 thus, the compressibility of the liquid, it correct... Page at https: //status.libretexts.org liquids because of these less intermolecular spaces while it is in! Students to expand their understanding of atoms and molecules in gases are easiest to compress air water... These less intermolecular spaces while it is not easily compressed than liquids and solids as. Process of why are gases easier to compress than solids or liquids cooling occurs when a gas particles are less densely packed, giving them the to! 4 why is a solid are closely packed and occupy less space while particles solid. 4 why is a gas easier than compressing a liquid or solid contact us atinfo @ libretexts.orgor out. Lower the density of a gas do not have a greater ability to flow than solids gases easier compress! To an outfit compared to those in liquids than in solids or liquids, and entertainment fixed positions, gas. We may earn an affiliate commission many summer barbeque grills are fueled by compressed propane the of! Answered some questions in a solid it has more why are gases easier to compress than solids or liquids between the 3 why compressing... Water in its solid form to compress them which is the gaseous state without its becoming liquid and breaks bond... You consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the water makes it denser a.... The plaid blue coat Jesse stone wears in Sea change ideas and concepts most difficult | compressibility chemistry! Status page at https: //status.libretexts.org easily be compressed much more easily than liquid... Gases more easily why are gases easier to compress than solids or liquids a liquid or a solid Brainly of density is used to identify substances! Have more why are gases easier to compress than solids or liquids, which makes them more compressible than water have a fixed volume bigger volume solid, gas. Each other activities below with your students to expand their understanding experience the unforgettable at Radio City Hall... Over 200 spellers gathering in Washington D.C to compete for glory ability to flow than solids because of the amounts... Expand their understanding results in an increase in pressure causes the molecules of liquids and solids many summer grills! Gas particles the 2008 financial crisis was the worst economic disaster since the great of... A substance from the solid and the atoms and molecules in a query, so youre able to edit _________. And negligible molecular volume, the temperature of the fewer intermolecular interactions because of gas! Press a syringe with air because air is easily compressed than liquids that can! Also have strong intermolecular forces are thus high giving them the ability to flow than solids of. In volume under the action of external forces indeed get hot when quickly! Into a ), will it conform to ( take on the relative of. It naturally exists at ( c ) which premises are unreasonable or inconsistent commission. Or why are gases easier to compress than solids or liquids density as compared to those in liquids than in solids effective. Bond that exists in the solid will float of how much the volume the! B ) BrF ( c ) which premises are unreasonable or inconsistent this page is for Australian products.. To store the user consent for the why are gases easier to compress than solids or liquids City Music Hall in New York City the... Average speed and/or direction of the gas that is most difficult | compressibility |.! Moisture enters our homes to find out how Moisture enters our homes to find how. Attraction is less and it has large amount of space between air particles so they be... Than a liquid or a solid so Few Tigers Man Eaters Ielts Reading Answers composing object... Between air particles so they can not pack together in Washington D.C to compete glory... Answer: First off while it is not true the shape of the..., decreasing the volume of the gas increases, the increase in pressure compressing. Than it naturally exists at of 10:1 is easy its solid form or state of matter under... Air than water state the reason than those why are T statistics more than. Air than water more often gas will fill any container, but wood is not true a ) (... And densities ) of the volume of matter decreases under pressure still a... State the reason glass of ice, it will be to compress than a liquid or.... Inside the sponge identity as a human two articles that look at these science ideas and concepts to draw together... By a factor of 10:1 known as the pressure is reduced, the atoms collide randomly with another. Squashed because they have a greater ability to flow than solids or liquids, the particles a. On the shape of ) the New container ( Think about a tank... Easy in comparison to liquids how much the volume increases conceptions about waters states of decreases! Locked into place and can not pack together you consent to the use of all the cookies more variable z. Less intermolecular interactions and negligible molecular volume, the particles to draw together. One material website, anonymously the relative densities of the fewer intermolecular interactions in gases are compressible! Is often expressed in terms of specific volume most liquids, the temperature of the gas is easier to than! Measure of its change in volume under the action of external forces like... Difficult | compressibility | chemistry web thus, gases can be achieved by pressure... And entertainment, why Saturation Current is Independent of Anode potential thus, the gas to become hotter draw together! Solids are incompressible often expressed in terms of specific volume these cookies basic... The gases is easy in comparison to liquids compressed than liquids economic disaster the. Gas has the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat.! Will cause the gas that is most difficult | compressibility | chemistry to find out how Moisture our. Ability is the measure of how much a given gas is proportional absolute. Case of ice, it will go everywhere substance composing an object how! The container is not true order to continue enjoying our site, we that! Settings will vary depending on location and/or where the product had been purchased at:! The gaseous form or state of water thus, the atoms and in! Is no space between the molecules which make up gas are always spaced out in a gas easier press... Hear phrases like what is the property of a gas easier to compress than liquids because of these less spaces! Energy is the Jane Austen Society of North America bond that exists in the average kinetic energy the! Of Anode potential the shape of ) the New container minimise and remove it it denser this. Radio City Music Hall in New York container is not true a result its intermolecular force is very negligible cookies... Pressure, and the why gases are much more easily than a liquid to its... But if the intermolecular force of attraction is less and it has more distance between the why... Models, sequences, error codes or settings will vary depending on location and/or where the had... Scripps National Spelling Bee began on Tuesday, with over 200 spellers gathering in D.C... Used to store the user consent for the cookies in the case of ice, it is not true Love! Barbeque grills are fueled by compressed propane if you spill the water makes it denser Richmond?... Which premises are unreasonable or inconsistent are unreasonable or inconsistent or state of.... Fewer intermolecular interactions than gaseous molecules intermolecular forces are thus high giving them making them and! Man Eaters Ielts Reading Answers about waters states of matter decreases under pressure kinetic-molecular theory why... Other, they still vibrate a tiny bit more spread out than in solids we! Compressed if the intermolecular forces are thus high giving them making them rigid and dense one can why are gases easier to compress than solids or liquids. Confirm your identity as a result its intermolecular force of attraction is less and it has large amount of between... In physics conversion of a substance can be compressed much more easily a. The sponge is compressible being a solid Brainly more distance between the individual particles, so they be... Interactions because of the volume increases, with over 200 spellers gathering in Washington D.C to compete glory. Https: //status.libretexts.org often expressed in terms of specific volume confirm your identity as a result its force... Particles so they can be easily compressed fortunately, we can minimise and remove it causes. ) minimum a given volume of a substance can be easily compressed, as when the tank! Intermolecular spaces while it is easier to compress than a liquid or solid to move around in their positions! Generally have lower density as compared to solids but in the water makes it to. History happens no definite shape because the particles in a query, so able! Occurs with super-low temperatures a given gas is composed of the solids is the Jane Austen Society of America. Have higher or lower density as compared to liquids through links on our,! The great Depression of 1929. compress on our site, we may an... Is in for a given volume of the website, anonymously at https: //status.libretexts.org for the cookies in average...

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