which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis

The planet is too dim to be seen, but the scientists said they are convinced it is there because the pulsar emits radio signals that vary in a way that can best be explained by the gravitational tug of a nearby planetthe waves are a bit early for three months, then for three months arrive a bit late. Both explanations do an equally good job of entailing Periers results as their observable outcome. A. A) experiential method B) scientific method C) intuitive process D) strategic management process E) account planning philosophy B) scientific method When your entire family is wiped out in a car crash, that is support for Romans 8:28 tooafter all, they are in heaven and you are going to have your character strengthened, so it is good. c. rewarding sportspersonlike behavior Meteorites provide yet another example. For any explanation you can ask whether it makes sensethat is, whether there is an adequate conceptual framework to account for the causal mechanisms required by the explanation. Thirty of the 40 who died were men and, says Grayson, most of the male deaths occurred before that of a single woman. This interlocks with the test, under the preceding improbable-outcome criterion, of asking whether an explanation for the outcome already exists. Rabinoff claimed that this was evidence for a causeeffect relationship between TM and the weather. If so, it is probably better to judge the logic of the argument as, at best, undecidable and, at worst, extremely weak. And the argument concludes with the assertion of the explanation. For example, an unnoticed erotic image on a Ritz cracker, Key says, makes the Ritz cracker taste even better, because all of the senses are interconnected in the brain. The problem with his argument is that another explanation for these unnoticed images already exists; we all know that were capable of finding images if we look really hard for them, simply as the products of our imagination. If I were trying to give you a better causal understanding of it, you would probably expect me to tell you something about the chain of eventsthe family history or career decisionsthat led him to Illinois. c. with the intent to harm psychologically. WebTranscribed image text: www.bbt.com Our Time.com Cesearch Foundations, Process, and Ethics Savod Which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? . A biologist was concerned about the environmental effects of an insecticide being used in his area to kill mosquitos that carried equine encephalitis. And, though you may not find the ifthen premise, there are two things you can always expect to find if the argument is explanatory: reference to the explanation, often with a discussion of why it is better than alternative explanations; and reference to the observable outcome, often with a discussion of how unlikely that outcome would otherwise b. behavior directed toward the goal of harming a person who is motivated to avoid such treatment Skeptics have suggested another explanation: Perhaps this is because of peculiarities in each islands food. Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of client-centered therapy? Suppose you see an advertisement in the business pages touting a stock fund that has topped the market for five years in a row. This, the ad says, proves that the manager of the fund is especially skillfuland thus that you should invest large quantities of cash with this manager. An increase in family income leads to an increase in the percentage of income spent on housing. But this outcome provides no support for the explanation. Young women purchase fewer meats than women who are 35 years of age or older. This represents the major premise of which theory? If-clause is intended to provide better understanding of then-clause. Exploratory research is defined as a research used to investigate a problem which is not clearly defined. The best we can do is look at frequencies; and research shows that the vast majority of money managers turn in performances that are no better than chance. If the answer is yes, then the argument is at least moderately strong (assuming it has not failed the first part of the total evidence condition). WebApplying your knowledge of the scientific method, which of the following BEST explains the correct contrast between a hypothesis and theory? If there are too many blanks, then the explanations prior probability is too low for the argument to be logically strong. I hope this explains it for all hands. As with our other inductive arguments, the total evidence condition for logical success has two parts. Explanatory Impotence Explanatory impotence is the opposite of explanatory power. A useful scientific hypothesis is one that is: A hypothesis that states that there is a lack of relationship between two factors is called: When conducting a scientific experiment, which of the following is tested? More precisely, the condition is that the prior probability of the observable outcome must be sufficiently low. a. parents And it contains the two essential components of an explanatory argument. Chemical analyses of this particular meteorite, however, established that it was only 1.3 billion years old and made of cooled lava. The International Society of Sport Psychology developed a position paper on aggression in sport. Aggression is detrimental to performance. Cells carry out the functions necessary for life. d. all of the above Suppose your friend, having slept in the car during the trip and being unaware of the altitude, argues, Hey, this water boiled quickly, so we must be well above sea level. This is an explanatory argument, and the conclusion bears no resemblance to the premise. In a research study, any condition applied to subjectsthose in the treatment groupthat is not applied to subjects in a control group. The problem, the supervisor decided, simply stemmed from somebodys mishandling of the frame. Make observations. Favoring outcomes that rule out alternative explanations is an especially powerful strategy. Abbys explanation is that the wife is having an affair; the observable outcome is that the pipe unexpectedly appears and then mysteriously disappears. b. punching an umpire because he made a bad call, "Good aggression" (playing within the rules with high intensity) is known in sport psychology as, Instrumental aggression is aggression occurring, b. in the quest of some nonaggressive goal, A linebacker intends to hurt and injure any receiver who catches a ball over the middle. D. It excludes the presumption of Taken from the DEAR ABBY column by Abigail Van Buren. A theory has been extensively tested and is generally accepted among a set of scholars; a hypothesis is a speculative guess that has yet to be tested. When an explanations prior probability is extremely low, another alternative explanation is deception. Galileo, Torricellis contemporary, attempted to test this by carrying a crude barometer to the top of a tall building, but the difference in the barometric reading between the base and the top of the building was negligible. WebApplying your knowledge of the scientific method, which of the following BEST explains the correct contrast between a hypothesis and theory? We typically favor the explanations with the highest prior probability. H. Huxley, letter, September 23, 1860. But they differ from inductive generalizations in an important way. B. a. how to be rough and tough without getting thrown out of the game. One variable is manipulated, while others are held constant. There are two types of hypothesis. Suppose I am encouraging you in your fledgling acting career and argue, You are so talented that all the critics who dont praise you are just jealous. In a randomized, controlled, double-blind study: Neither the experimenter nor the subject know whether the subject is in a control group or an experimental group. The Total Evidence Condition for Explanatory Arguments. Muluple Choice Young women purchase fewer meats than women who are 35 years of age or older. Then-clause is said to be unlikely without if-clause. That should prove to you that it is running low. Abbys argument remains moderately strong. Is the frequently observed, poorly understood, phenomenon that people tend to respond favorably to any treatment. Repression is the mechanism by which we push out of awareness and into our unconscious memories of deeply traumatic childhood experiences. WebWhich of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? The logic of the argument is accordingly weak. B. Scientists generally base scientific hypotheses on previous observations that cannot satisfactorily be explained with the available scientific theories. An increase in family income leads to an increase in the percentage of income spent on housing. General explanations are typical of science, though are not restricted to it. a. assertive behavior. After much research, he found that comets with similar orbits had also been observed in 1530 and in 1606. Explanationa statement that enables us both to predict and to better understand the cause of that which it explains. For example, our hypothesis in this case could be that the toast didn't toast because the electrical outlet is broken. The logic of the gods argument would benefit if its observable outcome ruled out the luck alternativeif, for example, the outcome were revised, as Bacon hints, to this: Nobody who worships the gods has drowned in a shipwreck. When firefighters arrived to battle a blaze reported at a Van Nuys bar early Wednesday, they found a man pouring gasoline from a plastic jug outside the building. He holds it in a stiff and unnatural manner. According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ________. Which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? A theory has been extensively tested and is generally accepted among a set of scholars; a hypothesis is a speculative guess that has yet to be tested. An alternative explanation is that Jones was hearing the word enormous, which sounds like simone backwards and occurs frequently in the speeches (and probably does not pose any danger to national security). Suppose I say to you, If he is from Chicago, then he is from Illinoisand he is indeed from Illinois, so he must be from Chicago. You cant be absolutely sure without some wider context, but it normally wouldnt make sense for me to explain someones residency in Illinois by pointing to his residence in Chicago. Observation of one or only a few instances of a phenomenon. In the 17th century, the Italian mathematician Torricelli hypothesized that the Earth was surrounded by a sea of air, which decreased in pressure uniformly as the altitude increased. Gilbert Harman is associated with the phrase. But, as Hempel suggests, that is not all they requirethey require imagination. It is freeloading; so it deserves no credit when the outcome comes true. The plumber explanation is burdened with improbabilities: The answer in each case is very infrequently. This disregard for weather extended even to the pouring of concrete. Does this mean that explanatory arguments are always fallacious? Well, Abby, this should clear up the mystery of MY missing pipe. C. It's If the prior probability of the explanation is extremely low and deception has not been ruled out as an alternative explanation, judge the logic of the argument to be weak. The first premise states that the theory, or the explanation, really does enable you to predict the facts, or the observable outcome. It turns out that played forward, the word enormous occurs from time to time in these speeches; and enormous sounds like simone when it is played backwards. Los Angeles Times. No. For the explanatory arguments below, (i)identify the explanation, and (ii)consider its prior probability from the point of view of the makes-sense testpaying special attention to the alternative explanations. Then, recalling our discussion of evaluating the truth of bothand sentences in Chapter 10, the prior probability that it was both of them can be roughly understood as .10 times .10, or .01. e. Raise the level of coaching, with an emphasis on fair play, especially with younger athletes. A measurable entity that is created by the process being observed and whose value cannot be controlled; generally represented on the y- axis in a graph and expected to change in response to a change in the independent variable. When I bought the housedespite its terrible conditionthe sellers let slip that someone had died here. Are the outcomes such that they would falsify alternative explanations? d. fans become more aggressive under the influence of alcohol unintentional aggression. Webe. Which of the following describes this pill? WebSchedule 1 - Dictionary . Rabinoffs paper asserted that there was a correlation between TM practitioners desiring warmer weather on one evening and the occurrence of unusually warm weather the following day. Once the vocal cord problem was identified, the patients were taught certain techniques by a speech pathologist which, the report said, immediately reduced both the number and the severity of attacks in all patients. For her part, Delynn Carter said she knows what triggered her attacks. The lad said that Suzy and the hired man were up in the hayloftthat Suzy had her dress up and the hired man had lowered his trousers. The plumber couldve called the man or sent a note (enclosed, perhaps, with his bill) to straighten things out, but wrote Dear Abby where there was a good chance it wouldnt be published or the man wouldnt read it; how often does a well-intentioned person take such an ineffective action to right a wrong? In the case study of Billy the hockey goalie, what did he learn? d. When was psychology accepted as an academic discipline? Another good way to check for an improbable outcome is to ask this: Does this outcome rule out the leading alternative explanations? Suppose I let you inspect my hat and then I pull a rabbit out of it, arguing that I have magical powers. But that proves my point. The explanation is that all critics who dont praise you are just jealous; but this isnt falsifiable by reference to the reviews, since it predicts that the reviews will be either good or bad or somewhere in between. Treatment: in a research study, any condition applied to subjects - those in the treatment group - that is not applied to subjects in a control group. It must generate testable predictions. Then NASAs Donald Bogard compared the meteorites fingerprint of noble gases to those found on Mars by the Viking landerand discovered that they matched closely. If it is a singular explanation, you can ask if it is the sort of thing that is known to happen, and if it tends to happen more frequently than do the alternatives. Singular explanationsthat the butler did it, or that the man was a Marine sergeantare designed to apply to a very specific thing or eventto this particular murder or to that particular mans physical characteristics. Observable outcomewhat is explained in an explanatory argument; the observable outcome follows from the explanation and can in a certain way, at a certain time, and under certain conditions, be seen, heard, smelled, tasted, or touched. To illustrate how this strategy is related to the prior epistemic probability of the outcome, suppose I propose the following fanciful explanation: I am bewitched, so that gravity has no affect on me whatsoever; the only reason I am able to walk around on the ground is because of magical shoes that counteract the bewitchment when I wear them. Where in the tropics could an English army doctor have seen much hardship and got his arm wounded? Note: See Section 6. This result can be explained by the fact that because the teachers expected them to do well, their perceptions of each students ability rose and those childrens own self-image was enhanced. David Lewis and James Greene, Thinking Better. Instrumental aggression is aggression occurring. Complete each You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. d. Sales of vegetarian foods vary by season. On the other hand, does the arguer seem to expect the form alone to provide the logical support for the conclusion? The second premise states that the observable outcome has happenedthat it really has been observed. She is a great actress. Web1) Direct observation of phenomena, empirically testable hypotheses, and the ability to rule out rival hypotheses are all essential tenets of the ________. Second part: Reasonably high prior probability for the explanation; the causal mechanismnatural selectionis fairly well understood, and no alternate seems more likely. , Why is Tylenol the pain reliever hospitals use most? The ads imply that its better than other brands. There are two types of hypothesis. There are a few money managers who succeed on the basis of skillmultibillionaire Warren Buffet is the most famous example. Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Halley was especially interested in a comet he had observed in 1682. The first premise states that the theory, or the explanation, really does enable you to predict the facts, or the observable outcome. This is an important source of the comet arguments logical strength. Which of the following shows the correct order for a scientific explanation? C. An increase in family income leads to an increase in the percentage of income spent on housing. C. It's correlated, but not causal. Nevertheless, we clarify and evaluate the argument just like the comet argument. Here is an example from Arthur Conan Doyles A Study in Scarlet; Dr. Watson is querying Sherlock Holmes about what he deducedusing the term more broadly than we are using it in this text. S2 Biology; Chapter 6-the tour of the cell, Chapter 10: The Origins and Diversification o, CoffeebeansaddedduringMay,10,900pounds, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. A pathway by which we can come to discover and better understand our world. Clearly in Afghanistan. Arthur Conan Doyle, There has recently been a startling decline in a large number of amphibian populations, apparently because UV radiation is harmful to them. That rock just smells like Mars, says Robert Pepin of the University of Minnesota. [5] A graph of these results, representing our evidence in this case, looks like this. She is a ________. They took me off all of them and since then Ive had no attacks. her own conscious experience. Also called a theoretical argument, inference to the best explanation, hypothetico-deductive argument, transcendental argument, or diagnostic argument. Circles that had only later begun to appear elsewhere, they suggested, were created by copycats. This is an example of. This is a way of emphasizing the importance of an improbable outcome. Scientists generally base scientific hypotheses on previous observations that cannot satisfactorily be explained with the available scientific theories. b. (The Vitamin C example is similar; one reason that researchers have not worked harder at collecting evidence for the theory is because it is unclear how it would work. He argued that, by super-cooling the stomach, acid production was reduced and the ulcer relieved. Which of the following is an example of an objective measure used by functionalists? . . In many cases, an explanation is formulated before the observable outcome has been observed. If you evaluate the probability of the appearance of the comet but include in your background evidence the assumption that Newton is correct, then (setting aside the problem this would probably be the fallacy of begging the question) the probability of the 1758 comet would be very highit is, after all, derived from the Newtonian explanation as its outcome! According to ancient Chinese folklore, the moon reappeared after the lunar eclipse because the people made a great deal of noise, banging on pots and pans and setting off fireworks. Which of the following statements is NOT one of their recommendations? e. a and c, a. setting up specific guidelines distinguishing assertive play from inappropriate aggressive play, When David Stern, commissioner of the National Basketball Association, banned Latrell Sprewell for choking his coach, he stated, "A sports league does not have to accept or condone behavior that would not be tolerated in any other segment of society." I thought somebody must be barbecuing. Created by copycats could be that the toast did n't toast because the electrical outlet broken... Be that the pipe unexpectedly appears and then I pull a rabbit out of following... Case study of Billy the hockey goalie, what did he learn increase in income. Affair ; the observable outcome has happenedthat it really has been observed in 1682 the purpose of was! Positive regard component of client-centered therapy outcome provides no support for the.! 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Available scientific theories, we clarify and evaluate the argument just like comet. Emphasizing the importance of an insecticide being used in his area to kill mosquitos that carried equine encephalitis very..

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