They wanted Jesus dead. Reportedly, his father sent him to Rome as a hostage. This document, allegedly derived from Pilate's own records, says that he and his wife became believers in Jesus. [139] Tibor Grll believes that this could be a reference to Pilate's actual records,[138] but other scholars argue that Justin has simply invented the records as a source on the assumption that they existed without ever having verified their existence. History records that Pilate avoided her counsel and crucified Jesus Christ. "[70], At the Passover of most likely 30 or 33, Pontius Pilate condemned Jesus of Nazareth to death by crucifixion in Jerusalem. However, his successor, Caligula, was not similarly swayed and ordered . [127] However, more recent research, published in 2021, dates the construction of another one of the aqueducts providing water to the Solomon's Pools, namely the Biar Aqueduct (also known as Wadi el-Biyar Aqueduct), to the mid-first century AD, probably during the time of Pilate. [217] In 1830, J. M. W. Turner painted Pilate Washing His Hands, in which the governor himself is not visible, but rather only the back of his chair,[218] with lamenting women in the foreground. Pilate dies seven months later. Tradition states that her name was Claudia Procula. [131], Due to his role in Jesus' trial, Pilate became an important figure in both pagan and Christian propaganda in late antiquity. This may mean they were close, since life in the administrative center of Caesarea would certainly have been more comfortable for her. [257] Because he betrayed his desire to follow his morality and free Jesus, Pilate must suffer for eternity. In Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, Pilate became the focus of a large group of New Testament apocrypha expanding on his role in the Gospels, the Pilate cycle. For he was a doer of surprising feats a teacher of such men as receive the truth with pleasure. [219] In 1896, Munkcsy painted a second painting featuring Christ and Pilate, Ecce homo, which however was never exhibited in the United States; both paintings portray Jesus's fate as in the hands of the crowd rather than Pilate. [203] Pilate now frequently appears in illuminations for books of hours,[204] as well as in the richly illuminated Bibles moralises, which include many biographical scenes adopted from the legendary material, although Pilate's washing of hands remains the most frequently depicted scene. 8. [101] Paul Maier notes that no other surviving records corroborate Pilate's suicide, which is meant to document God's wrath for Pilate's role in the crucifixion, and that Eusebius explicitly states that "tradition" is his source, "indicating that he had trouble documenting Pilate's presumed suicide". [186] Pilate first appears in art on a Christian sarcophagus in 330 CE; in the earliest depictions he is shown washing his hands without Jesus being present. On the other hand, Johns picture of Pilate delivering judgment from a tribunal in front of the prefects mansion fits typical Roman procedure. [260], In 1986, Soviet-Kyrgiz writer Chingiz Aitmatov published a novel in Russian featuring Pilate titled Plakha (The Place of the Skull). [24] The name Pontius suggests that an ancestor of his came from Samnium in central, southern Italy, and he may have belonged to the family of Gavius Pontius and Pontius Telesinus, two leaders of the Samnites in the third and first centuries respectively, before their full incorporation to the Roman Republic. Britannica 2005. Pontius pilate definition, Roman procurator of Judea a.d. [25], Pilate was likely educated, somewhat wealthy, and well-connected politically and socially. [47] This indicates that Caiaphas and the priests of the Sadducee sect were reliable allies to Pilate. [7], Although Pilate is the best-attested governor of Judaea, few sources regarding his rule have survived. [231] The earliest surviving passion play, the thirteenth-century Ludus de Passione from Klosterneuburg, portrays Pilate as a weak administrator who succumbs to the whims of the Jews in having Christ crucified. [267] The 1953 film The Robe portrays Pilate as completely covered with gold and rings as a sign of Roman decadence. [195] Pilate also comes to feature in scenes such as the Flagellation of Christ, where he is not mentioned in the Bible. [73] Helen Bond argues that, the evangelists' portrayals of Pilate have been shaped to a great extent by their own particular theological and apologetic concerns. [248] Another play focusing on Pilate's death is Cornish and based on the Mors Pilati. In later tradition, she becomes known as Procula (Latin: Procula) or Procla (Ancient Greek: ) and plays a role in various New Testament Apocrypha. [283][284], Pilate's washing his hands of responsibility for Jesus's death in Matthew 27:24 is a commonly encountered image in the popular imagination,[75] and is the origin of the English phrase "to wash one's hands of (the matter)", meaning to refuse further involvement with or responsibility for something. This is revealed to be because Pilate is wearing Jesus's coat; when the coat is removed, the Emperor condemns him to death, but Pilate commits suicide first. [31] Josephus states that Pilate governed for 10 years (Antiquities of the Jews 18.4.2), and these are traditionally dated from 26 to 36/37, making him one of the two longest-serving governors of the province. Answer (1 of 5): Pilate had a political benefactor in Rome named, Lucius Aelius Sejanus. He was then ordered back to Rome to stand trial for cruelty and oppression, particularly on the charge that he had executed men without proper trial. "[114], As governor, Pilate was responsible for minting coins in the province: he appears to have struck them in 29/30, 30/31, and 31/32, thus the fourth, fifth, and sixth years of his governorship. [49] Similarly, Helen Bond argues that Pilate is depicted working closely with the Jewish authorities in the execution of Jesus. [111] G. Alfldy argued that it was some sort of secular building, namely a lighthouse, while Joan Taylor and Jerry Vardaman argue that it was a temple dedicated to Tiberius.[112][113]. The Gospels of Matthew (Matthew 14:1-12) and Mark (Mark 6:14-29) recorded that Herod Antipas had John the Baptist arrested and imprisoned after the preacher condemned the king's marriage to . Herodias left Herod Philip to marry his half-brother Herod Antipas, Tetrarch of Galilee & Perea. His story represents the counterpoint narrative to the main action in Moscow, and centers on his decision to approve the execution of Yeshua Ha-Nozri in the city of Yershalaim. Wroe, Ann. [41] As Roman governor, he was head of the judicial system. Why would he cave to demands to crucify a man he had proclaimed innocent? Please select which sections you would like to print: Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [214] Images of Pilate were printed in the Biblia pauperum ("Bibles of the Poor"), picture bibles focusing on the life of Christ, as well as the Speculum Humanae Salvationis ("Mirror of Human Salvation"), which continued to be printed into the sixteenth century. [220] The "most famous of nineteenth-century pictures"[221] of Pilate is What is truth? [178], The town of Tarragona in modern Spain possesses a first-century Roman tower, which, since the eighteenth-century, has been called the "Torre del Pilatos," in which Pilate is claimed to have spent his last years. The Governor was under the impression that Jesus was simply claiming to be "King of the Jews," but it says once Pilate found out that Jesus was claiming to be the Son of God " he was even more afraid " (John 19:8). [253] Shortly afterwards, French writer Roger Caillois wrote a novel Pontius Pilate (1936), in which Pilate acquits Jesus. He convicted Jesus of treason and declared that Jesus thought himself King of the Jews, and had Jesus crucified. Pontius Pilate is one of the exceptions. Both Daniel Schwartz and Alexander Demandt do not think this especially likely. 1887, p. 201. These soldiers came up to Jerusalem at the time of the feasts, when the city was full of strangers, and there was . Except for Pilate, who was a leader blackmailed by the Judaic structures that were against Christ. [22] If it means "skilled with the javelin," it is possible that Pilate won the cognomen for himself while serving in the Roman military;[20] it is also possible that his father acquired the cognomen through military skill. Herod Antipas was one of the co-conspirators who carried out the condemnation and execution of Jesus Christ. [199] One of the earliest examples of Pilate rendered as a Jew is from the eleventh century on the Hildesheim cathedral doors (see image, above right). [44] He also would have toured around the province in order to hear cases and administer justice. The official residence of the procurators was the palace of Herod at Csarea; where there was a military force of about 3,000 soldiers. I am always suspect of documents like this, so please understand that I am not presenting the "Acts of Pilate" as fact. Pilate is presented as a materialist pessimist who believes mankind will soon destroy itself, whereas Jesus offers a message of hope. [265], The film The Last Days of Pompeii (1935) portrays Pilate as "a representative of the gross materialism of the Roman empire", with the actor Basil Rathbone giving him long fingers and a long nose. 7. And behold, a severe earthquake had occurred, for an angel of the Lord descended from heaven and came and rolled away the stone and sat upon it. "[254] The work features a novel within the novel about Pontius Pilate and his encounter with Jesus (Yeshu Ha-Notsri) by an author only called the Master. On the basis of events which were documented by the second-century pagan philosopher Celsus and the Christian apologist Origen, most modern historians believe that Pilate simply retired after his dismissal. Herod's sons then threatened to petition the emperor, an action which Pilate feared that would expose the crimes he had committed in office. [77] In Ignatius's epistles to the Trallians (9.1) and to the Smyrnaeans (1.2), the author attributes Jesus's persecution under Pilate's governorship. [62] Helen Bond, Daniel Schwartz, and Warren Carter argue that Philo's portrayal is largely stereotyped and rhetorical, portraying Pilate with the same words as other opponents of Jewish law, while portraying Tiberius as just and supportive of Jewish law. The novel centers on an extended dialogue between Pilate and Jesus witnessed in a vision by the narrator Avdii Kallistratov, a former seminarian. He convicted Jesus of treason and declared that Jesus thought himself King of the Jews, and had Jesus crucified. Come, see the place where He was lying. Matthew 28:1-6(NASB). $8.99 1 New from $8.99. [144] Moreover, the text makes explicit that while Pilate washes his hands of guilt, neither the Jews nor Herod do so. Many of these incidents involve Pilate acting in ways that offended the religious sensibilities of the Jews. [173], One important version of the Pilate legend is found in the Golden Legend by Jacobus de Voragine (12631273 CE), one of the most popular books of the later Middle Ages. [61], According to Philo's Embassy to Gaius (Embassy to Gaius 38), Pilate offended against Jewish law by bringing golden shields into Jerusalem, and placing them on Herod's Palace. But the Jews showed so little fear of death, that Pilate relented and removed the standards. [30], Pilate was the fifth governor of the Roman province of Judaea, during the reign of the emperor Tiberius. [31] Like other Roman governors of Judaea, Pilate made his primary residence in Caesarea, going to Jerusalem mainly for major feasts in order to maintain order. 11. The nineteenth century saw a renewed interest in depicting Pilate, with numerous images made. [245] Not only does Pilate force Judas to betray Christ, he double-crosses him and refuses to take him on as a servant once Judas has done so. Pontius Pilate served as the prefect of Judaea from 26 to 36 A.D. It is possible that the ring belonged to another individual named Pilate,[130] or that it belonged to someone who worked for Pontius Pilate. This resulted in a crowd of Jews surrounding Pilate's house in Caesarea for five days. . [193] New images of Pilate that appear in this period include depictions of the Ecce homo, Pilate's presentation of the scourged Jesus to the crowd in John 19:5,[194] as well as scenes deriving from the apocryphal Acts of Pilate. [215], In the modern period, depictions of Pilate become less frequent, though occasional depictions are still made of his encounter with Jesus. In Martin Scorsese's The Last Temptation of Christ (1988), Pilate is played by David Bowie, who appears as "gaunt and eerily hermaphrodite. This article was most recently revised and updated by, Historical and traditional accounts of the life of Pontius Pilate, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pontius-Pilate, World History Encyclopedia - Pontius Pilate, McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia - Pontius Pilate, Sagrada Famlia: sculpture of Pontius Pilate. 4. Did the people who crucified Christ go to hell or the Lake of Fire? [132], Positive traditions about Pilate are frequent in Eastern Christianity, particularly in Egypt and Ethiopia, whereas negative traditions predominate in Western and Byzantine Christianity. [35][36] These proposed dates have not been widely accepted by other scholars. Flavius Josephus. [156], Seven of the Pilate texts mention Pilate's fate after the crucifixion: in three, he becomes a very positive figure, while in four he is presented as diabolically evil. He and his wife are portrayed as Christian converts and sometimes martyrs. [208] Depictions of Pilate in this period are mostly found in private devotional settings such as on ivory or in books; he is also a major subject in a number of panel-paintings, mostly German, and frescoes, mostly Scandinavian. This is stated by those Greek historians who have recorded the Olympiads, together with the respective events which have taken place in each period.[11]. In them, Pilate is portrayed as wishing to save Jesus, being affected by his charisma, but as too cowardly to do so. "), and John 19:22 (Quod scripsi, scripsi, "What I have written, I have written"). [155] This book enjoys "a quasi-canonical status" among Ethiopian Christians to this day and continues to be read beside the canonical gospels during Holy Week. Antiquities of the Jews 18.4.1. Pontius Pilate's Wife. He was [the] Christ; and when Pilate, at the suggestion of the principal men amongst us, had condemned him to the cross, those that loved him at the first did not forsake him, for he appeared to them alive again the third day, as the divine prophets had foretold these and ten thousand other wonderful things concerning him; and the tribe of Christians, so named from him, are not extinct to this day.[6]. [279] Pilate is the only person besides Jesus and Mary mentioned by name in the creeds. Pilate is nevertheless forced to execute Jesus by the increasingly angry crowd, but Jesus tells Pilate that he does not hold him responsible. [179] The cities of Huesca and Seville are other cities in Spain associated with Pilate. What did Pontius Pilate do to Jesus? He was the Prefect of the Roman province of Judaea from AD26 to AD36, and is best remembered as the judge at the trial of Jesus Christ in AD33, and the man who subsequently ordered his crucifixion. Pressure was also applied by his wife to have nothing to do with Jesus. [198], Despite being venerated as a saint by the Coptic and Ethiopian Churches, very few images of Pilate exist in these traditions from any time period. Ararat? Protected by Sejanus, Pilate incurred the enmity of Jews in Roman-occupied Palestine by insulting their religious sensibilities, as when he hung worship images of the emperor throughout Jerusalem and had coins bearing pagan religious symbols minted. [213] Many, mostly German, engravings and woodcuts of Pilate were created in the fifteenth century. [192] Images of Pilate are found on new materials such as metal, while he appeared less frequently on ivory, and continues to be a frequent subject of gospel and psalter manuscript illuminations. [7], And the expression, They pierced my hands and my feet, was used in reference to the nails of the cross which were fixed in His hands and feet. [116] The inscription was formerly found outside the church of St. Secundus, where it had been copied from a presumed original. [129] The name Pilatus is rare, so the ring could be associated with Pontius Pilate; however, given the cheap material, it is unlikely that he would have owned it. [79] It is generally assumed, based on the unanimous testimony of the gospels, that the crime for which Jesus was brought to Pilate and executed was sedition, founded on his claim to be king of the Jews. When a mob formed while Pilate was visiting Jerusalem, Pilate ordered his troops to beat them with clubs; many perished from the blows or from being trampled by horses, and the mob was dispersed. Pontius Pilate Character Analysis. Pontius Pilate was the Roman prefect (governor) of Judaea (2636 CE) who presided at the trial of Jesus and gave the order for his crucifixion. Pontius Pilate knew that Jesus didn't deserve to die; he even declared Jesus's innocence during the trial. [140][141], Beginning in the fourth century, a large body of Christian apocryphal texts developed concerning Pilate, making up one of the largest groups of surviving New Testament Apocrypha. Following Livia's death, the coins only read . [292], Beginning with E. Stauffer in 1948, some scholars have argued, on the basis of his possible appointment by Sejanus, that Pilate's offenses against the Jews were directed by Sejanus out of hatred of the Jews and a desire to destroy their nation, a theory supported by the pagan imagery on Pilate's coins. [266] Following the Second World War, Pilate and the Romans often take on a villainous role in American film. [152] Another early text is an apocryphal letter attributed to "Herod" (a composite character of the various Herods in the Bible), which claims to respond to a letter from Pilate in which Pilate spoke of his remorse for Jesus' crucifixion and of having had a vision of the risen Christ; "Herod" asks Pilate to pray for him. [37], Pilate's title of prefect[c] implies that his duties were primarily military;[40] however, Pilate's troops were meant more as a police than a military force, and Pilate's duties extended beyond military matters. Protecting The Most Valuable Treasure On Earth. [205] In the Bible moralise, Pilate is generally depicted as a Jew. [172], The trial and judgment of Jesus then happens as in the gospels. [11][75] Josephus also mentioned Jesus's execution by Pilate at the request of prominent Jews (Antiquities of the Jews 18.3.3); the text was altered by Christian interpolation, but the reference to the execution is generally considered authentic. [76] Discussing the paucity of extra-biblical mentions of the crucifixion, Alexander Demandt argues that the execution of Jesus was probably not seen as a particularly important event by the Romans, as many other people were crucified at the time and forgotten. [242] It is he alone who wishes to kill Christ rather than the high priests, conspiring together with Judas. [11] Two additional chapters of Tacitus's Annals that might have mentioned Pilate have been lost. 27:15-26; Mk. [60][54] Lmonon, however, argues against this identification. So Pilate, when he had tarried ten years in Judea, made haste to Rome, and this in obedience to the orders of Vitellius, which he dare not contradict; but before he could get to Rome, Tiberius was dead.[10]. [285] Parts of the dialogue attributed to Pilate in the Gospel of John have become particularly famous sayings, especially quoted in the Latin version of the Vulgate. It is in a class of documents called New Testament apocraphal writings. [201] Pilate also comes to be frequently depicted as present at the crucifixion, by the fifteenth century being a standard element of crucifixion artwork. In doing so, he sided himself against peace with God. Pilate died 39 A.D. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [175], Several places in Western Europe have traditions associated with Pilate. [188] 44 depictions of Pilate predate the sixth century and are found on ivory, in mosaics, in manuscripts as well as on sarcophagi. [149] Another claims that the records were made by Pilate himself, relying on reports made to him by Nicodemus and Joseph of Arimathea. [51], Daniel Schwartz takes the note in the Gospel of Luke (Luke 23:12) that Pilate had a difficult relationship with the Galilean Jewish king Herod Antipas as potentially historical. See more. [98] Joan Taylor, on the other hand, argues that Pilate seems to have ended his career in disgrace, using his unflattering portrayal in Philo, written only a few years after his dismissal, as proof. [163] A similar narrative plays out in the Vindicta Salvatoris (8th century). 18:39-19:15). [169] The legend exists in many different versions and was extremely widespread in both Latin and the vernacular, and each version contains significant variation, often relating to local traditions.[170]. Judging by this story, his wife seems to have travelled with him. By the 2nd century AD, the so-called "Acts of Pilate" document began to circulate among Christians. [153], In the so-called Book of the Cock, a late-antique apocryphal passion Gospel only preserved in Ge'ez (Ethiopic) but translated from Arabic,[154] Pilate attempts to avoid Jesus's execution by sending him to Herod and writing further letters arguing with Herod not to execute Jesus. Many of these legends connected Pilate's place of birth or death to particular locations around Western Europe, such as claiming his body was buried in a particularly dangerous or cursed local area. [45], As governor, Pilate had the right to appoint the Jewish High Priest and also officially controlled the vestments of the High Priest in the Antonia Fortress. Updates? He also finds historical the information that their relationship mended following the execution of Jesus. [100] Daniel Schwartz, however, argues that Eusebius's claims "should not lightly be dismissed. For more information about the Acts of Pilate, visit Pontius Pilate refers to Christ in official records.. [] Legendary or theological additions have also been made to the narrative [] Despite extensive differences, however, there is a certain agreement amongst the evangelists regarding the basic facts, an agreement which may well go beyond literary dependency and reflect actual historical events. As punishment he is sent to the island of Pontius, whose inhabitants he subjugates, thus acquiring the name Pontius Pilate. [81][82] All four gospels also mention that Pilate had the custom of releasing one captive in honor of the Passover festival; this custom is not attested in any other source. Pilate apparently found an way into such a high position through a referral from one of Emperor Tiberius' favorite administrators, a man named Sejanus, according to Encyclopedia Britannica. According to Eusebius of Caesareas Ecclesiastical History, Pontius Pilate killed himself on orders from the emperor Caligula sometime after 36 CE. [222] In 1893, Ge painted another painting, Golgotha, in which Pilate is represented only by his commanding hand, sentencing Jesus to death. In 2010, the Christian Broadcasting Network made the 52 . [286] These include John 18:35 (numquid ego Iudaeus sum? [176] One tradition states that Pilate was banished to Vienne where a Roman ruin is associated with his tomb; according to another, Pilate took refuge in a mountain (now called Mount Pilatus) in modern Switzerland, before eventually committing suicide in a lake on its summit. The (partially reconstructed) inscription is as follows:[106], Vardaman "freely" translates it as follows: "Tiberium [?of the Caesareans?] Pilate was apparently not threatened by Jesus since he had not taken action earlier. Justin Martyr. After Jesus died on the cross, the gospels record that Pilate allowed several members of the Sanhedrin, Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus, to bury Jesus (Mark 15:43; John 3:1; 19:38-40). [218] The Scala sancta, supposedly the staircase from Pilate's praetorium, now located in Rome, is flanked by a life-sized sculpture of Christ and Pilate in the Ecce homo scene made in the nineteenth century by the Italian sculptor Ignazio Jacometti. 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